101 GUIDE TO CBD CAPSULES

CBD capsules are oral capsules with CBD as the key component. They are swallowed to mask the bitter taste of CBD oil and are great for whoever would like to enjoy the benefits of CBD oil but would not take its earthiness. This guide helps you know all about CBD capsules, including how many types are there, how they are used, and what they may be good for.

As the hype around CBD helping with this or that, more CBD products come into the market, including CBD capsules. They are like the regular capsules, only that they have CBD as the major ingredient. The capsules are swallowed and form a great delivery method for people who would like to take CBD but cannot stand the bitterness of the cannabinoid. Many take CBD capsules for pain, sleep, inflammation, and stress, among health challenges. However, there is not enough scientific evidence to prove that the capsules can help alleviate these conditions. While they deliver CBD oil without letting the tongue interact with it, CBD capsules are not as bioavailable as actual CBD oil. How many CBD capsules should you take? When is the best time to take CBD capsules? How do CBD capsules take to work, and how long do the CD effects stay? Peer into this guide to know everything about CBD capsules, including their dosages, how long they take to work, how long the effects last, their pros and cons, and the potency you can go for.

What Is CBD?

This section helps you understand the parent compound, CBD, before seeing what CBD capsules are. According to Massi et al. (2006) and Bauer et al. (2020), CBD is the non-psychoactive chemical compound in hemp marijuana and other cannabis plants. The chemical compounds in cannabis plants are collectively called cannabinoids, CBD being one. There are more than 140 cannabinoids in nature, but CBD stands out for its non-psychoactive nature. You don't get 'high' or intoxicated by taking CBD.

There are many ways to deliver CBD to the body. You only need to choose your ideal delivery method. You can sublingually take CBD, topically apply it, ingest, or inhale it. Each method has pros and cons that you have to weigh as you settle for your ideal way to deliver CBD. For instance, CBD vape oils could be good at delivering CBD fast to the body. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020), more hospitalizations are recorded from vaping, CBD vaping included. Many like CBD edibles for their variety, taste, and flavors, but they do not deliver the cannabinoid to the body as fast as CBD oils and vapes.

Where Does CBD Come from?

As technology features more advancements every other day, companies find a way of exploiting people more. Consequently, people try to be more cautious and want to know what goes into their body, at least to avoid what they can. Many ask where CBD comes from; is it mined like minerals, or does it come from the waters? Massi et al. (2006) defined CBD as the non-psychoactive chemical compound in hemp plants. This means that CBD comes from hemp plants. While it can also come from marijuana, CBD companies opt for hemp to produce federally acceptable CBD.

The CBD manufacturing process starts with hempseed propagation and planting. When the hemp plants mature, their phytocannabinoid-rich parts like stems, leaves, and flowers are harvested and used to produce CBD. First, the harvested hemp is placed to dry and later taken to the industry, where they are processed.

CBD extraction from the hemp parts depends on many methods, featuring extreme heat and pressure, carbon (IV) oxide, or solvents like human-grade ethanol. Plant matter like chlorophyll is removed, and CBD remains behind, amidst other cannabinoids. The next stage features separating the cannabinoids into pure CBD, THC, and CBD alongside other cannabinoids, which are molded into the various delivery methods. The final stages include 3^rd party testing, where the cannabinoid products are taken to independent labs and tested for cannabinoid profile and contaminant purity for standard contaminants, including heavy metals, toxins, filth, animal residues, and industrial solvents.

What IS the Difference Between CBD and THC?

What is THC, and how does it compare to CBD? According to Schlienz et al. (2018), THC is the psychoactive chemical compound in cannabis plants responsible for the 'high' effect of smoking weed. The study shows that THC is intoxicating, which is its major difference from CBD. McCoy et al. (2018) stated that cannabinoids, CBD and THC alike, can improve the quality of life. Yet, CBD is not as psychoactive as THC.

The other major difference between CBD and THC is their relative abundance in different cannabis species, informing from which plant they are best extracted. CBD is abundant in hemp plants (20%- 30%), with as little as 0.3% or less THC. Meanwhile, marijuana, another cannabis species, boasts high THC percentages (25%- 35%), and a relatively low amount of CBD, making up only 15% or less of its dry weight. All in all, CBD and THC products are extracted from hemp alike since the 2018 Farm Bill recognizes hemp with less than 0.3% THC and its derivatives (THC and CBD included) as legal.

How Do CBD and CBN Compare: Benefits and Side Effects

Other than CBD and THC, cannabis plants have many other cannabinoids, amounting to more than 140 in number. One of the cannabinoids is CBN (cannabinoid), linked to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). It is as relatively new as CBD and a lot is yet to be unveiled about it. In fact, compared to CBD and THC, there are fewer studies about CBN as a cannabinoid. Still, you may want to know how CBD and CBN compare. Here are a few studies on CBN.

According to Karniol et al. (1975), CBN is good for sleep. In the study, 5 participants are given THC or a mixture of CBN and THC, and the latter records better results, suggesting that the mixture is more effective for sleep than THC alone. Wong & Cairns (2019) reported that CBD and CBN effectively help fight myofascial pain in rats better than CBD alone. Elsewhere, Weydt et al. (2005) recorded that CBN demonstrated neuroprotective properties since it helped fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML). Morever, Zurier & Burstein (2016) found CBN good for inflammation, upholding Hammell et al. (2016) findings that it can also help with inflammation.

The studies see potential in CBD and CBN helping with various health challenges. However, more research is needed to prove them true. The side effects of CBN and CBD are more or less the same, especially because the cannabis industry is largely unregulated, affecting CBD and CBN alike. The FDA has not approved the use of CBN or CBD to treat or cure any health condition, nor has it taken responsibility to supervise the production of any cannabinoid. As we wait on studies to distinguish between the effects of CBD and CBN, remember that the two cannabinoids are present in the same unregulated arena.

What Are CBD Capsules?

Capsules are cylindrical or round containers that carry jelly, oils, and powder and are used to deliver medicines and supplements to the body without letting the tongue interact with them. CBD capsules are like other oral caps, except that they have CBD as the main component. There are two options for CBD capsules; the regular round-shaped ones and the softer versions called softgels. Both are good for delivering CBD to the system, but they differ subtly, as later brought out in the guide. However, they have their fair share of challenges, including the delayed delivery of CBD to the body and reduced bioavailability.

What Makes Up CBD Capsules?

Capsules, like CBD capsules, would not be called that without gelatin. They are prepared from gelatin, which is vegan or non-vegan, depending on the CBD company. Because of the increased emphasis on plant-based products, most CBD brands offer vegan and non-vegan CBD capsules to ensure their clients have all they need. Vegan capsules are prepared from plant sources, while non-vegan sources mostly come from animal parts.

Other than the gelatin used to manufacture CBD capsules, the cylindrical or round containers have CBD inside; aren't they called CBD capsules? Besides, other ingredients are also featured in the capsules since CBD is not all there is on the ingredient list. For instance, most brands that offer CBD capsules for sleep add melatonin to the cannabinoid to add to the claims. Even so, more studies are needed to prove that CBD capsules can help with sleep, with or without melatonin.

CBD Capsules Vs. CBD Softgels: What Is the Difference?

While some CBD companies offer CBD capsules, others also deal in CBD softgels in the same inventory. Many CBD clients get confused about what the two are and if they are the same thing. CBD capsules are like any oral capsules with two parts of the same or different colors. The colors may be different or the same, and the two parts may be sealed or joined, though not permanently. Meanwhile, CBD softgels are a softer version of the capsules. Capsules also contain medicine other than CBD. They are mostly oval and are sealed such that you cannot separate the two parts and empty the contents. Other than CBD, the softgels also have fish oils and omega- 3 supplements. While both are capsules, they differ subtly in the following ways.

• CBD softgels are better for vitamin retention since they are sealed
• Because of the sealing, CBD softgels can last longer than CBD capsules
• Many CBD users find CBD softgels easier to swallow
• CBD softgels have a smoother texture than normal capsules, as in CBD capsules
• CBD softgels best work with non-water content like CBD
• CBD softgels are generally more expensive to produce than CBD capsules

Types of CBD Capsules

There are different types of CBD capsules you may want to explore for the claimed benefits of CBD. Of course, there can be endless categories of CBD capsules based on different parameters, but this guide essentially looks at the various CBD capsule types depending on the CBD formulations. There are three CBD formulations depending on the presence or absence of terpenes, flavonoids, or additional cannabinoids, which also translates to the following types of CBD capsules;

1. Isolate-based CBD capsules; contain pure CBD without THC, terpenes, flavonoids, or other cannabinoids. While CBD veterans would not sign up for them, novices like them since they lack the earthy taste of other CBD products with multiple compounds.
2. Full-spectrum CBD capsules; feature the entire range of cannabinoids, including THC. Besides, they also have terpenes and flavonoids, and because of the many compounds, VanDolah et al. (2019) and other studies link them to a full entourage effect yet to be confirmed by further scientific research. Most CBD veterans like full-spectrum CBD products for the many compounds in them.

• Broad-spectrum CBD capsules; are more like full-spectrum CBD, only that they lack THC. Still, they have terpenes and flavonoids, so they are a great alternative if you want to enjoy multiple compounds in hemp plants without taking THC. Sadly, because of the lack of regulation in the hemp space, some broad-spectrum CBD capsules may have trace levels of THC and make you fail a drug test.

Isolate-Based, Full-, and Broad-Spectrum CBD Capsules; How Do They Compare?

With the different CBD formulated CBD capsules, many wonder which one is the best. Are full-spectrum CBD capsules better than isolate-based capsules? No. Rather, the different types allow you to explore varieties in the CBD industry. Ultimately, your choice of CBD capsules depends on your unique needs. For instance, many who want to take advantage of the multiple compounds in hemp plants go for full-spectrum CBD capsules. Meanwhile, you can use broad-spectrum CBD capsules instead if you need the many compounds but dread THC for fear of failing drug tests. Isolate-based CBD capsules are best for you if all you need is pure CBD without additional compounds.

Do You Get High from CBD Capsules?

According to Schlienz et al. (2018), THC is psychoactive and intoxicating, meaning that people get ‘high’ from taking its products. Is that the same for CBD? Bauer et al. (2020) stated that CBD is non-psychoactive, so you don't get 'high' from them. Many don't fret at isolate-based and broad-spectrum CBD capsules for making them high since the two should have no THC, even traces if you buy them from a reputable brand. How about full-spectrum CBD capsules? Does swallowing them leave you 'high?' For the most part, full-spectrum CBD capsules should not make you stoned, but there are a few exceptions to this.

For instance, because of the massive lack of regulation in the hemp space, many CBD companies deal in substandard products. Others do not label their CBD capsules accurately, and while they may read THC-free, they may have THC. Depending on the THC levels, you might get a little ‘high’ from the CBD capsules. However, reputable CBD companies deal in full-spectrum CBD capsules with 0.3% or less THC, which should not make you ‘high.’

How Do CBD Capsules Make You Feel?

You may want to know how CBD capsules make you feel. While the chances of getting ‘high’ from CBD capsules are minimal, it does not mean that taking CBD capsules feels plain. According to Piomelli & Russo (2016), CBD can be uplifting, and many look for such an uplift from the CBD capsules. Uplifting means feeling relaxed from then CBD capsules, and reading through the capsules, you will see such claims. Yet, we cannot bank on CBD capsules for relaxation until more studies prove this with compelling evidence.

According to Shannon et al. (2019), CBD may have sleep-related benefits, specifically because the cannabinoid can affect the 5-HITA receptors. Murillo-Rodriguez et al. (2014) confirmed the sleep benefits of CBD and added that the cannabinoid influence the circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle, potentially helping one get more sleep. Still, there is insufficient scientific evidence that CBD alone in the CBD capsules will make you sleep. Most CBD companies claim that CBD capsules can boost sleep and make you sleep better and add other compounds like melatonin to the caps to substantiate the claims. Even so, the FDA has not approved CBD capsules as sleep supplements.

How Do You Take CBD Capsules?

Do you want to join the CBD bandwagon and want CBD capsules to be your main delivery method for the cannabinoid? You certainly want to know how to administer CBD capsules. Thankfully, taking CBD capsules is no rocket science; you only need to master a few skills. In fact, BD capsules are like any oral capsules. If you have taken capsules in the past, you will have an easy time administering them. But before then, you need to know the right CBD potency and dosage for the CBD capsules.

Determining your CBD potency and dosage can be challenging if you are taking CBD capsules for the first time, but it is possible. Potency refers to the strength of the CBD capsules, which is also the total amount of CBD in a capsule. CBD dosage refers to how much CBD you can take, and in this case, it is how many CBD capsules you can swallow. With the dosage and potency information ticked, you can take CBD capsules.

You need water to administer CBD capsules. They are ingestible products that need swallowing for you to benefit from them. Just put the one or two capsules (depending on your dosage) in your mouth and swallow them with water. If you opt for CBD softgels, the swallowing process will be smoother than the regular capsules used in CBD caps.

Why Should I Try CBD Capsules?

What’s the deal with CBD capsules, and why do they keep rising up the CBD popularity ladder? According to Watt & Karl (2017), CBD is therapeutic, and people take it to manage pain, stress, inflammation, depression, and other health issues. Why would one choose CBD capsules among all the CBD delivery methods? Does this mean that CBD capsules are safer than other CBD products?

Corroon & Phillips (2018) reported that CBD has a good safety profile, suggesting that it is generally safe and well-tolerated, as long as you take it in the correct dosages. Still, that's not always the case since Bass & Linz (2020) documented an incidence in which an old man nearly suffered toxicity after taking too much CBD (375 mg CBD gummies). CBD capsules have not documented any cases of near-death, but this does not mean that they are all safe. Why, then, do many find them appealing?

For the most part, they effectively mask the bitter and earthy taste of CBD oil, hence users can take advantage of the cannabinoid without feeling its bitterness. Besides, CBD capsules appeal to many because of their discretion, making it easy to take them and administer them anywhere. The capsules allow variety, especially using different CBD strengths. If you want to explore CBD benefits but cannot put up with the bitterness of CBD oil, CBD capsules could be all you need to tap on CBD benefits.

Talk to Your Doctor

Although this is no hard-and-fast rule, talk to your doctor before joining the CBD bandwagon and swallowing any capsules. Why is this important? The FDA does not oversee CBD production for non-prescription CBD items, including edibles, topicals, oils, tinctures, vape oils, or capsules. Determining the right CBD potency and dosage for the capsules becomes hard, and you have to figure out things independently.

Talking to a doctor when contemplating taking CBD capsules helps you know how much CBD you will need for a start and the potencies you can focus on for the cannabinoid. Besides, Huestis et al. (2019) reported that CBD can cause toxicity and many health challenges. Meissner & Cascella (2021) documented that CBD may cause liver damage, with the effect being dose-dependent. The doctor helps you understand the possibility of any CBD-drug interaction, especially if you are on any medication, say blood thinners. When starting out on the CBD regime, you need to go slow on the dosage and potency, and a doctor helps you know where to start.

Pros of CBD Capsules

So far, we cannot confidently say that CBD capsules can treat or cure any health challenge, including insomnia, stress, depression, or pain, which represent the primary reasons people take the cannabinoid. Still, CBD caps have many general benefits. For instance, if you need dosage precision, CBD capsules easily help you achieve it. You don't have to struggle to measure how much CBD to take with the CBD capsules. The cannabinoid is already capped in the containers.

Of course, like edibles, capsules help tap on the benefits of CBD without feeling the bitterness and earthiness of the cannabinoid. If you need to travel with CBD products, capsules are among your top choices since they are discrete, and you don't risk spilling them. Besides, the very discrete nature of CBD capsules means that you can administer them anywhere, which is good for convenience. Additionally, CBD capsules may not be as expensive as CBD oils and tinctures, yet they still allow you to benefit from CBD.

Cons of CBD Capsules

Is it all well with CBD capsules? Isn't there anything you need to worry about? Like a two-sided coin with a head and a tail, CBD capsules have their challenges. For instance, the safety concerns around CBD products do not exempt CBD capsules. Although the American Hemp Association certifies CBD capsules alongside edibles, oils, and tinctures that meet its set standards, it’s not all-well with CBD capsules. There is no toxicity case with CBD capsules so far, but that does not mean that you can do anything with capsules.

LaVito (2019) shared a report in CNBC that revealed how much CBD can be risky, regardless of the delivery method. According to the article, the FDA mentioned that CBD may lead to liver damage, weight loss, and male reproductive issues. Since CBD capsules deliver CBD to the body, you want to go slow on them to lower your risks of suffering any of the mentioned challenges. The other factor contributing to many cons in the CBD capsule world is the lack of research on CBD. While there are many CBD research papers, some do not offer compelling evidence to support the claimed good profile of CBD products as well as their health benefits.

What Can CBD (Including CBD in CBD Capsules) Do?

CBD is a novel product since much is yet to be revealed about it. As such, you may want to know what the cannabinoid can do when you take CBD capsules. According to Watt & Karl (2017), CBD is therapeutic and can help people with Alzheimer’s improve the condition. Besides, Thanabalasingam et al. (2021) recorded that CBD can help manage Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative condition in the same class as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, according to Elms et al. (2019), CBD can help people with PTSD experience less stress, a claim that Silote et al. (2020) also confirmed, adding that CBD works better than conventional antidepressants in fighting depression.

CBD in CBD capsules may also help you relax. According to Linares et al. (2019), the participants in a public speaking contest felt more at ease after taking CBD and were better off for the test than the group that only took a placebo, suggesting that CBD could have some anxiolytic properties. Thanabalasingam et al. (2021) established that CBD helps PTSD patients add to the relaxation effects of the cannabinoid. Still, you need not discontinue your medication and shift to CBD capsules since most of the promising study findings need more research to prove them true. 

How Does CBD in the Capsule Work?

Even with the many claims about what CBD capsules can do, people are yet to understand how CBD works. So far, all understanding is based on a network called the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which happens to be responsible for all the critical body processes like reproduction, mood, satiety, digestion, sleep, and metabolism. The ECS was discovered in the 1990s, and studies are ongoing to prove how it relates to the critical body processes.

According to Zou & Kumar (2018), the ECS comprises endocannabinoids like anandamide (AEA), endocannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB1), and enzymes that ensure the body keeps producing more endocannabinoids. The study shows that body processes depend on the good functioning of the ECS, and for them to run smoothly, endocannabinoid balance is key, where the produced and damaged endocannabinoids are at equilibrium. It also adds that in the case of an imbalance, when more cannabinoids are damaged than produced or when the body cannot secrete enough endocannabinoids, body processes are affected, and pain, digestive issues, and inflammation set it. Although, this sounds convincing, but we need more studies to confirm the findings.

Where does CBD come in, then? Endocannabinoids are endogenic or internal cannabinoids. Meanwhile, there are external cannabinoids like THC and CBD that are extracted from plants. According to Mechoulam & Parker (2013), THC is a CB1 agonist and strongly binds to the receptors, resulting in negative and positive effects. Sadly, it is not yet clear how CBD works, but scientists are sure that it is not a CB1 agonist like THC. Could it be that CBD prevents the reckless damaging of endocannabinoids? Only studies will tell. So far, studies relate CBD and its functioning to the endocannabinoid system, but more studies are needed to expound on how CBD works.

CBD Capsules vs. CBD Oils: Which One Should You Go for?

CBD capsules and CBD oils are both common ways of delivering CBD to the body. They are more or less the same, only that they differ in administration and appearance. CBD oils and tinctures are liquid-based, while CBD capsules and softgels deliver the cannabinoid in caps for the tongue not to directly interact with CBD. How do the two compare?

CBD oils and tinctures would be the top choice for many CBD fans since they are highly bioavailable, allowing the body to find CBD fast and for the effects to come quickly. Still, they are bitter, and taking them means embracing the bitterness and earthiness that come with them. While you can travel with CBD oils and tinctures, they may give you a hard time when you don't close the bottle properly and the contents spill. Besides, CBD oils and tinctures are not discrete, and you cannot take them without drawing everybody's attention. Many people appreciate their bioavailability but do not opt for them, especially when traveling. The other challenge with CBD oils and tinctures is dosing the cannabinoid. Of course, dosing any CBD product is not easy since the FDA has not issued recommendations on how much CBD you can take. With CBD oils and tinctures, things are even harder since there is every chance of erring when measuring out the drops using the dropper. Choosing CBD oils and tinctures to deliver CBD means weighing out the pros and cons and being ready to contend with them.

CBD capsules cannot definitely match CBD oils and tinctures in bioavailability. Sublingually administering CBD oils means that they get to the bloodstream through the lungs, allowing fast delivery and CBD effects. However, CBD capsules go through the digestive system, the gel caps are broken, CBD is released to the body, the cannabinoid is absorbed into the bloodstream, after which its interaction with the ECS receptors causes CBD effects. Because CBD capsules have to go through the digestive system, they take longer to deliver CBD, and the longer they take, the more they lose potency, delaying CBD effects.

Even with the significant bioavailability gap between CBD oils and capsules, the latter is a great way to beat the cons of CBD oils. As stated earlier, CBD capsules mask the cannabinoid in the gel cap, allowing the body to benefit from it without the tongue feeling the bitterness. To say the least, the capsules allow dosage precision since you don’t have to literally measure CBD. It is already capped. Moreover, traveling with CBD edibles is as convenient as CBD capsules since the two delivery methods are discrete and allow you to take them without unnecessarily drawing attention to yourself. CBD oils or CBD capsules? The choice is yours, depending on how you perceive the related pros and cons.

CBD Concentration and Potency in CBD Capsules Explained

Any person anticipating joining the CBD bandwagon needs to understand some terms, potency and concentration included. Whether you plan to take CBD capsules or edibles, potency and concentration are two primary concepts you need to understand. What is CBD potency, and how does it compare to CBD concentration?

CBD concentration refers to the total CBD in the product(s) in a container. It is usually written in large black font, and you can barely miss to see it. If you buy a 1000 mg CBD potent oil in a 30 ml bottle, the CBD concentration of the bottle is 1000 mg. Similarly, if you buy a 750 mg CBD gummy jar with 30 gummy bears, the CBD concentration of the edibles is 750 mg. The same is true of CBD capsules; the 500 mg written in large fonts on the labels denote the concentration. CBD concentration does not need you to do any math. You only read the label to know how much CBD is in all the capsules in the jar.

CBD potency refers to the quotient of the total CBD concentration and the volume of the container in which the product (like CBD capsules) is placed. In the case of the 1000 mg CBD oil in a 30 ml bottle, the potency the quotient of 1000 mg and 30 ml, translating to 33 mg/ml CBD strength. For the 500 mg gummy jar with 25 bears, the potency is 25 mg per gummy (500/25). Unlike CBD concentration that must be indicated on the labels, potency may or may not be written, and if not, you calculate it by dividing CBD concentration by the total volume or the total number of gummies.

Low-Potency CBD Capsules vs. High-Potency CBD Capsules: What You Need to Know

Do you want to buy CBD capsules for your CBD regimen? You need to know how high- and low-potency CBD capsules differ. CBD potency can be as low as 1 mg/ml and can shoot to 50, 100, 150, etc., per unit ml. Most CBD capsules in the hemp market have a potency range of 5- 50 mg, although some are more potent than the mentioned window. What draws the line between high- and low-potency CBD capsules? Generally, anything below 30 mg/ml or mg per gummy is deemed as low-potency. Meanwhile, CBD capsules with 35 mg or more CBD are deemed high-potency options.

Pros and Cons of High- and Low-Potency CBD Capsules

Whether you want high- or low-potency CBD capsules, it is worth noticing that each option has pros and cons that you must weigh before opting for any. For instance, if you are new to CBD and are taking CBD capsules, low-potency options will be ideal for you until when you have understood your body and know how much CBD you can take. Of course, the low-potency CBD capsules may not be effective, taking time to exert effects, which then disappear as they came.

How about high-potency CBD capsules? Most CBD veterans like high-potency CBD options since they deliver more CBD molecules in smaller dosages. For instance, it takes 5- 10 mg CBD capsules to make it to 50 mg CBD, while you only need 2 capsules, each 25 mg potent, to meet the same goal. Consequently, high-potency CBD capsules can help you save on cost. Their prices do not differ widely from the low-potency options, meaning paying the same amounts for high-potency CBD capsules helps you take advantage of many and more versatile CBD molecules.

Is it all-good with high-potency CBD capsules? For the most part, dosing them can be challenging, especially if you bought them and realize later that you need less potent products. Imagine having a 25 mg capsule if all you need is 10 mg CBD per session! It's crazy since you cannot divide the capsule halfway and take advantage of its CBD. The case report by Bass & Linz (2020) shows that too much CBD (regardless of the delivery method) can lead to toxicity. Similarly, taking many high-potency CBD capsules may cause you serious health issues, although there are currently no cases of CBD capsule toxicity or overdose.

Which CBD Potency Is Good for Your Capsules?

The 5- 50 mg CBD range for capsules is wide, and choosing the right potency is not the easiest job. How do you determine the right potency for you? Interestingly, there is no one-potency-fits-all case with CBD capsules; each CBD fan may need different CBD strengths. Speaking to a doctor saves you the hassle and helps you figure out which potency would be good for your body. Still, if you don’t prefer seeing a doctor to determine the right potency to go for in CBD capsules, the following factors help you choose the needed strength;

a)      Metabolism

The right CBD strength for you largely depends on your metabolic rates. When you have a high metabolism, you can process CBD fast. Meanwhile, people with low metabolism are only comfortable with less potent CBD capsules since the stronger versions overwhelm their bodies. Unfortunately, you cannot gauge your CBD potency unless you try out CBD products and see how your body responds to them.

b)      Body Composition

Your body factors also come into play when determining what CBD potencies would be good for you. For instance, heavy-bodied individuals with higher metabolism might need stronger CBD capsules to feel the effects of the cannabinoids. The high-potency CBD options sound better for them. However, light-bodied people with low metabolism would prefer low-potency CBD capsules. Before going for any potency when buying CBD capsules, consider your body composition.

c)       Previous Exposure to CBD

Although two people might need CBD capsules for the same reason, they may not go for the same potency if one is a veteran CBD user while the other is taking the cannabinoid for the first time. Generally, you need to keep CBD dosages and potencies low if you are new to the cannabinoid. Low-potency CBD capsules might be all you need. As the body gets used to CBD, you can work your way up to high-potency CBD capsules, and the body will likely take them well.

d)     Why You Are Taking CBD Capsules

Your intention for joining the CBD bandwagon also matters as far as the choice for CBD potency is concerned. While some CBD fans want CBD capsules for general well-being or to uplift themselves, others take it to manage some conditions, and most users go for CBD for the latter. Of course, low-potency CBD capsules might be good for you if you take CBD to boost your quality of life. Taking CBD for pain or depression requires a different potency choice, and the high-potency capsules might be great for you.

e)      The Severity of Your Condition

Taking CBD capsules or other products for the same health challenge does not mean that two CBD fans might need the same potency. The severer the condition you manage with CBD capsules, the higher the potencies you might need. It's no wonder that a person taking a CBD capsule for some random pains might need lower potencies for CBD, and another user who is in a CBD routine for chronic pain might only want high-potency CBD capsules.

CBD Capsule Dosage Explained

Going for CBD capsules or any product calls for a good understanding of the dosage concept. CBD capsule dosage refers to how many CBD capsules or how much CBD you can take. Like potency, there is no one dosage that fits all CBD fans. Each user has unique CBD needs. How do you determine how much CBD you can take through CD capsules? The following factors should guide your choice of CBD dosage:

a)      The Potency of the CBD Capsules

How strong your CBD capsules are determines how many CBD capsules you can take. High-potency CBD capsules are cost-friendly in the end since you need only one or two to meet your CBD target. You might need many low-potency CBD capsules to meet the same goal. When starting out on the CBD regimen, you barely know how much CBD you can sustain. You probably go for low-potency options, which change as you take the capsules.

b)      CBD Capsule Quality

The quality of your CBD capsules also informs how much CBD you can take. Consequently, you want to pay attention to quality as you shop for your CBD capsules. Generally, high-quality CBD capsules will be effective in the amount you take, and you will not need to swallow many capsules. Low-quality CBD capsules from less reputable CBD companies might force you to take more and more to feel the effects.

c)       CBD Capsule History

Your CBD history and previous exposure to the cannabinoid come into play when choosing how much CBD to take through CBD capsules. Novices trying CBD capsules for the first time might need only a few caps, after which they feel overwhelmed. However, as they get used to CBD, their bodies can accommodate more of the cannabinoid, and they can comfortably take more caps than they took earlier.

d)     Body Composition

Body factors like genes, weight, and gender all come into play when deciding the amount of CBD you will take. If your genetic makeup makes it possible for the body to process CBD fast, you can easily take more cannabinoids than another fellow whose body composition only allows slow processing of CBD. Besides, weight is a body factor that determines how far you can go with CBD capsules. For instance, light-weight active people may need only a little CBD through the capsules. A heavy-weight boxer might need more CBD because of the increased intensity of his activities.

e)      Why You Are on CBD Capsules

How many CBD capsules you need are also determined by why you take the cannabinoid. As many CBD fans turn to CBD capsules to manage some health conditions, others may take it to improve their overall well-being. The difference in CBD purposes affects how much CBD one can take. For instance, CBD capsules for well-being might require one or two caps in a day, while taking the cannabinoid for pain or a health condition may increase the number to four.

f)       The Intensity/ Severity of the Condition

The intensity and severity of the condition you are managing with CBD also affect how much CBD you need. Generally, acute conditions will not need more CBD, but this is different from severe problems. The severer the condition, the more CBD you will need, all factors left constant.

How Much CBD/ How Many CBD Capsules Do You Need?

There is no one-size-fits-all CBD dosage for all CBD users. Rather, many factors determine how much CBD a person can take and how many capsules the body needs. The factors above are the critical determiners when deciding how many CBD capsules to take, and you can take them as your guide while starting out the CBD regimen. It is best to consult a doctor before trying any CBD products, and you can get more breakthroughs in CBD capsule dosing. However, if you want to determine how much CBD you need independently, the factors above will help you.

Which is the Best Way to Take CBD?

Many ask which way is the best for taking CBD. Of course, there are many methods to deliver CBD to the body, each having pros and cons to contend with. Here is a quick look at the existing methods of taking the cannabinoid to your system;

1. CBD oils and tinctures; are the primary way of CBD delivery and feature sublingually or orally administering them. In this case, you put CBD oil or tincture drops on or below the tongue, and the latter involves waiting for 30- 60 seconds before swallowing the drops. CBD oils and tinctures have high bioavailability, allowing the results to manifest fast, but one has to contend with their taste, which is bitter and earthy.
2. CBD edibles; you can ingest CBD by munching CBD gummies, cookies, or brownies, allowing you to deliver the cannabinoid to the body with taste and flavor. Consequently, taking the CBD edibles is easier than the bitter CBD oil, but it compromises bioavailability since the edibles pass through digestion, taking more time before the effects are manifest.

• CBD topicals; you can apply CBD topically using CBD creams, roll-ons, and massage oils, which allow the body to take advantage of CBD without letting the cannabinoid interact with it. While the topical application of CBD may be good for localized pain in the external areas, the topicals have compromised bioavailability, so you have to wait longer for the effects to manifest.

1. CBD vape oils; you can also vape CBD oil to deliver CBD to the body fast (vaping is the fastest way to deliver the cannabinoid to the body because of the high bioavailability). However, there are many risks linked to them, including the massive lack of regulating in the CBD industry, creating loopholes for dangerous chemicals to find their ways into the vapes.
2. CBD capsules; feature regular capsules with CBD and can also be enjoyed as CBD softgels whose smooth texture allows easy intake of CBD. They are good at masking the bitter taste of CBD oil since they don't allow the tongue to directly interact with the oil, but they have compromise bioavailability and take time to exert effects.

There are many ways to take CBD, each having advantages and disadvantages. The oils and tinctures are high in bioavailability and promise fast results but are bitter. Meanwhile, vapes promise the fastest CBD delivery to the system but are affected by the massive lack of regulation in the hemp space. CBD edibles and capsules effectively mask the bitter taste of CBD but have slow bioavailability since they go to the system through the digestive system. Still, CBD topicals suit everyone who needs to use CBD on the external body parts but also have low bioavailability, requiring patience before the effects manifest. With such a clear picture of all the CBD deliverable methods, you can choose what works best for you.

How Long Do CBD Capsules Take to Kick in?

The CBD action time or how long the cannabinoid takes to work is a concern many have, especially when starting out on the cannabinoid and needing to understand how it works. Unfortunately, how long CBD capsules may take to work for me differs from how long they work for other fans. What determines the CBD action time in CBD capsules? Here are a few factors to keep in mind as you await the CBD effects;

a)      Metabolism

The most critical determinant in how long it takes CBD capsules to work and produce the desired effects is metabolism. How fast you process the cannabinoid matters, where the faster the body processes CBD, the faster you expect the effects to surface. Meanwhile, low metabolism means the body processes CBD slowly, calling for more patience as you wait for the effects to manifest. Interestingly, one cannot do a thing about his metabolism and must wait for the effects to manifest to gauge it.

b)      Previous CBD Exposure

Whether you have taken CBD in the past mattes and affects how long the effects will take to manifest. For instance, when taking CBD capsules for the first time, your body has not yet gotten used to CBD and may take time to process the capsules. Therefore, you will need patience to experience the effects. Meanwhile, as the body gets used to CBD as you take more capsules, it learns to process them fast, and the action time significantly reduces with time.

c)       CBD Potency of the CBD Capsules

How potent the CBD capsules you are taking are is critical in how long the effects take to manifest. Generally, more potent CBD capsules have more versatile compounds that interact better with the endocannabinoid system to produce effects. It's no wonder that as people get used to CBD, they take more potent capsules. Less potent products have relatively low interaction and will take time to manifest effects since the compounds are not as versatile as in high-potency options. While this may sound like advice for potent CBD capsules, you have to start somewhere as far as potency is concerned.

d)     The Quality of CBD Capsules

The quality of CBD capsules determines how fast they can result in effects. Invest in quality CBD capsules since low-quality options delay the effects because of the reduced versatility of CBD molecules. High-quality CBD capsules boast more versatile CBD compounds, explaining why they may need little action time, regardless of the potency.

e)      The Nature of the Stomach

How your stomach is at the time of taking CBD capsules matters, informing how long the effects take to work. Generally, eating before taking any CBD products increases the chances of experiencing fast results with the cannabinoid, while taking CBD on an empty stomach delays the results. Still, paying attention to the food you eat before taking CBD capsules helps increase the chances of experiencing fast results. For instance, fat-rich foods may increase the absorbability of CBD since the compound dissolves in oils.

f)       How Much CBD You Take

How many CBD capsules you take influences how long the effects take to manifest. More CBD capsules mean higher CBD concentration in the bloodstream. If the body boasts high metabolic rates, you can look forward to the CBD effects fast. A few capsules mean fewer CBD molecules, and if they are not versatile (they are low in quality and potency), the effects will likely take long to manifest.

How Long Do the Effects of CBD Capsules Last?

How long CBD effects take to manifest is one thing, and how long the effects last is another. They may take a while to appear and last long once they are manifest. One CBD user might wait on the effects for only a short while, and when they manifest, they may not take long. That said, here are factors that determine how fast the CBD effects will last once they come;

a)      Metabolism

Your metabolic rates and how fast you can process CBD matter and determine how fast the effects will last. If you boast high metabolism, you may be fortunate to have the results appear fast, but they will also go fast. Still, others wait on the CBD capsules to work for a long time because of low metabolism, but once they produce effects, they may last longer.

b)      Low Long the Effects Took to Manifest

In most instances, how long the CBD effects last is inversely proportional to how long they will last once you have felt them. Consequently, you can look forward to enjoying the effects of CBD capsules for long if they delay to show up. A fellow whose CBD effects come fast might enjoy them, but they might be significantly short-lived.

c)       The Potency of the CBD Capsules

More potent CBD capsules help you save costs since you may only need one cap to have the desired effects. Besides, CBD capsule potency is also a critical factor in how long the effects will manifest. Generally, more potent CBD capsules have versatile CBD molecules that exert CBD effects fast and prolong them. Low-potency CBD capsules may not have as many versatile CBD molecules. It is not surprising that their effects might not last as much as the more potent options.

d)     CBD Capsule Dosage

How you dose your CBD capsules matters, informing how long the effects stay. Of course, there are exceptional cases where the effects may not vary widely with a reduction or increase of CBD dosage. As you take more CBD, you provide the body with more CBD capsules, directly adding to how long the effects will stay once they manifest. However, less CBD in one or two capsules means the body has only a few CBD molecules, and regardless of their versatility, the effects may not stay for long.

e)      Activity Levels

How engaged you get after taking CBD capsules matters and determines how long the effects of CBD will stay behind. Generally, if you get buys after taking CBD capsules, the molecules are out to work, and their effects might not last long once you feel them. Meanwhile, sleeping after taking CBD capsules allows you to enjoy CBD effects for long since the molecules are hardly engaged, allowing the opportunity to work for long.

f)       The Quality of the CBD Capsules

The quality of your CBD capsules matters, determining how long you can take to enjoy the effects of the cannabinoid. It is more like potency; good quality CBD capsules provide the body with versatile CBD molecules with prolonged action time. Low-quality CBD capsules may not cost you much, but you will not enjoy CBD effects for long. The molecules in such CBD capsules are not versatile, and even when the effects take longer to manifest, they will still disappear as fast as they came. Consequently, people need to pay attention to the reputation of a CBD brand and its quality to positively influence how long they can enjoy CBD effects.

How to Shop for CBD Capsules

Since the craze for CBD capsules and other products increases every day, many people are joining the CBD bandwagon with capsules as the main delivery method. After all, capsules mask CBD bitterness and earthiness in the gel cover for the tongue not to interact with the cannabinoid. How do you shop for CBD capsules? There are basically two routes to go; in-store and online.

In-store shopping for CBD capsules is more convenient when you need the caps and have no time to order them online. As such, you walk to the nearby pharmacy, health food store, company CBD shops, or specialty shops that stock CBD products. You may find online shopping for CBD capsules more convenient when you are in a CBD routine and can plan yourself to order others before running out of your current stock. How do online and in-store shopping for the caps compare? Is any of them better than the other?

Shopping for CBD Capsules In-Store: Pros and Cons

For the most part, in-store shopping offers you the convenience of not worrying about delivery fees. Since you walk yourself to the CBD shop or health food store, pick your favorite CBD capsules, and take them home, you are more like the delivery guy in the picture and will not definitely pay fees. Besides, buying CBD capsules in-store helps you confirm minor but significant details. For instance, you have all the time to confirm details like expiration dates and ensure the CBD capsules are what you need before paying for them. Still, in-store CBD shopping presents less risk of damaging the CBD capsules since the travel distance before reaching your destination with the CBD capsules is considerably reduced as you take them home yourself. Is that all for in-store shopping of the caps? Are there cons?

One challenge that in-store shopping of CBD capsules presents is that the chances of saving on costs are narrow. Unlike online shopping, which may offer deals and discounts to save on cost, most in-store CBD shopping does not have such terms or wholesale shopping of the CBD capsules. You will always have to pay the full amount for the caps. Online CBD shopping allows you to get satisfying answers to your question since you get access to online experts, but the same is not true of in-store shopping, in which sales agents are the ones who answer your questions and may not do it satisfactorily.

Shopping for CBD Capsules Online: Pros and Cons

The biggest advantage of shopping for CBD capsules online is that the orders are delivered to your doorstep. You might have a hard time selecting which company to settle for, but the experience should be seamless in the subsequent times. Other than the pleasure of having the products delivered to you, you can also take advantage of the bundled deals and discounts provided by the CBD companies to save on cost. Some companies even offer free delivery with or without meeting a certain threshold. Remember, it's only online shopping that gives you access to all CBD brands worldwide, from where you can buy CBD products. Yet, should you have any questions, you can reach out to the online agents who will then answer all your questions, isn’t this good?

Shopping for CBD capsules online has many challenges, even with the many picks. For instance, deciding which brand to settle for and buying CBD products when there are thousands of them is not easy. Besides, many people have fallen victims to substandard products when the companies they settled for could not deliver as promised. Sometimes, one loses money when he buys a product that is then damaged in transit, and the money-back guarantee does not help recover the cash. Besides, not every company offers bundled deals and discounts, without which online shopping can be expensive. Ultimately, online and in-store shopping for CBD capsules has risks one has to weigh against the advantages before settling for any option.

What Do You Focus on When Buying CBD Capsules?

Shopping for CBD capsules and other products is not easy, especially if you are doing it for the first time. Even so, you don’t have to make mistakes and land the worst products when you have the following points to guide your choice;

1. Pay attention to the reputation, transparency, and brand name of the CBD company from which you want to buy CBD capsules. Check the brand's online reviews and commentaries, especially on the product pages. You can also check the ratings and reviews of the company in question on important websites like the BBB Corporation and the FDA.
2. CBD formulation; there are three CBD formulations based on the type of CBD; isolate-based, full-, and broad-spectrum CBD, so choose your formulation wisely. No CBD type is better than the other, but your choice should ultimately depend on your interest.

• 3^rd party testing; because of the massive lack of regulation in the CBD industry, the only way to be sure of what you are buying is to shop from brands that have conducted 3^rd party tests in liaison with reputable labs.

1. Ask for CoA; the certificate of analysis (CoA) is the only substantial evidence to 3^rd party tests, so ensure that you have it as you pay for the CBD capsules. It helps you know the CBD capsules’ cannabinoid profile and contaminant purity.
2. Cannabinoid profile; full- and broad-spectrum CBD capsules likely have more than one cannabinoid, and the COA should provide this information. It should reveal their percentages and show how much of each of the cannabinoid is present.
3. THC amount: the 2018 Farm Bill recognizes 0.3% as the highest THC amount. Ensure the CBD capsules you are buying have 0.3% THC or less to avoid confrontation with the authorities.

• Purity status; the CoA should have a column that reads ‘pass’ for standard contaminants, including heavy metals, toxins, industrial solvents, filth, and organic matter.
• Source of CBD: according to the 2018 Farm Bill, only hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC are federally legal. As such, the CBD capsules at hand should be hemp-derived, lest they will put you on the wrong side with the authorities.

1. Environmental factors; there are organic and inorganic CBD capsules in the hemp space. Many like organic options that have not featured toxic ingredients throughout the cycle and whose hemp growing cycles did not feature in chemical farm inputs.
2. CBD Potency; as you start out on the CBD regime, you will likely opt for less potent CBD products until when the body has gotten used to CBD, allowing you to go for the higher potencies. Know how much CBD is in each capsule you have opted for.

What Are Some Characteristics of the Best CBD Pills?

Currently, the best CBD products are impractical and only real in theory. Still, the factors above help you know what to focus on when you set out to shop for CBD capsules. Here are some points describing high-quality or the ‘best’ CBD capsules;

1. Their 3^rd party tested for purity against standard contaminants and cannabinoid profile
2. Have a CoA to show how many cannabinoids they have and their relative abundance

• Have passed 3^rd party tests for contaminant purity and has the purity column reading ‘pass’

1. Features the right potency for your
2. Are produced by a reputable company with exemplary reviews and commentaries
3. Provide good labels with all the crucial information you need to know about the capsules

• They are high in quality and match their potencies
• Have less than 0.3% THC in line with the 2018 Farm Bill requirements

1. Are sourced from hemp and not marijuana
2. Do not feature toxic chemicals and inorganic inputs during hemp growing and processing
3. Feature a long shelf life as indicated by the expiration date that should be at least 1 year away

How to Read CBD Capsule Labels

Like any product you might buy out there, CBD capsules have labels that reveal all the information you need to know about them. Since the CBD industry is largely unregulated, only the labels will help you know what you are taking home. How do you read the labels? What do you pay attention to? The following information should be on any CBD capsules, failure to which you should be alarmed;

1. CBD concentration; the label should indicate the total CBD amount in the jar of capsules. The CBD concentration is typically written in large font, so you should not have a hard time locating it.
2. CBD potency; the amount of CBD in each capsule should also be indicated on the label. Look carefully for it, and when not provided, divide the CBD concentration by the total number of CBD capsules in the jar.
3. CoA; most labels also include the CA as the proof for 3^rd party testing, so you should check for this as well.
4. Expiration; you don’t want to wash your money down the drain by buying CBD capsules that will spoil in a month. Consequently, check the labels to see how far the expiration date is.
5. Instructions for use; although we all know that CBD capsules are swallowed, this information should be available on the labels
6. Dosage; the labels should also direct how many CBD capsules one can take and the preferred number of sessions a day.
7. Possible CBD capsule-drug interaction; you don’t expect negative interaction between CBD capsules and other drugs. However, according to Meissner & Cascela (2021), CBD may interact with some medications in a dose-dependent relationship. Check the labels for contraindications or any negative interaction between the capsules and other medications.

Can You Take CBD Capsules for IBS?

As the hype around CBD products increases, there seems to be nothing the cannabinoid cannot help with. IBS or inflammatory bowel syndrome is a condition affecting the digestive system and is characterized by cramps, diarrhea, pain, and bloating. Can CBD treat IBS or any of the mentioned symptoms? According to Pasquale (2020), CBD offers relief for IBS symptoms. It does not promise to treat your IBS but can scale down the symptoms. The study adds that the cannabinoid can also help with IBD, an umbrella term for all the digestive issues that cause inflammation.

Can CBD Capsules Hemp You with Cold and Flu?

We have to contend with cold and flu during the cold season, and others find it rougher than the rest. Can you take CBD oils and capsules to cure or treat the cold? According to Janecki et al. (2022), CBD has powerful antiviral properties and helps prevent the growth of the SAR- CoV2 virus, promising to help fight the Covid-19 pandemic. If more studies confirm the antiviral properties of CBD, the capsules could help much with colds and flu.

Conclusion

CBD capsules are normal oral caps made with gel-based material and CBD as the main ingredient. There are many capsules, with the CBD options featuring the normal capsules and the rather softer CBD softgels. While they both deliver CBD oil, softgels are easier to swallow because of the smooth texture, offer better content retention, and are sealed, preventing air entry. Consequently, CBD softgels are more expensive. There are three types of CBD oil in the capsules and softgels, including isolate-based, full, and broad-spectrum options.

Although many CBD fans rely on CBD capsules to manage pain and inflammation, studies are yet to offer compelling evidence to prove the claims true. So far, the existing research has many knowledge gaps, and until more studies are provided, we cannot recommend CBD capsules for treating or curing IBD, IBS, and pain. Since CBD is non-psychoactive, you cannot get ‘high’ from swallowing CBD capsules. Still, depending on the formulation you choose and the THC percentage in it, you can fail drug tests. Broad-spectrum and isolate-based CBD capsules from reputable companies do not have THC and will not make you fail drug tests. However, full-spectrum CBD caps with high THC content will likely make you test positive for THC and its metabolites, making you fail the drug tests.

You can buy CBD capsules in-store by checking into pharmacies, CBD specialty shops, health food stores, and CBD dispensaries with CBD products are part of their inventory. Alternatively, you can order CBD capsules online and have them delivered to your doorstep. Either option has pros and cons, which this guide shares.

References

Bass, J., & Linz, D. R. (2020). A case of toxicity from cannabidiol gummy ingestion. Cureus, 12(4).

Bauer, B. A. (2020). What Are The Benefits Of CBD–And Is It Safe To Use?. In Mayo Clinic.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Outbreak of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products.

Corroon, J., & Phillips, J. A. (2018). A Cross-Sectional Study of Cannabidiol Users. Cannabis and cannabinoid research, 3(1), 152–161.

Elms, L., Shannon, S., Hughes, S., & Lewis, N. (2019). Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 25(4), 392–397.

Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European journal of pain (London, England), 20(6), 936–948.

Huestis, M. A., Solimini, R., Pichini, S., Pacifici, R., Carlier, J., & Busardò, F. P. (2019). Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity. Current neuropharmacology, 17(10), 974-989.

Janecki, M., Graczyk, M., Lewandowska, A. A., & Pawlak, Ł. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Effects of Cannabinoids in Inhibiting and Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(8), 4170.

Karniol, I. G., Shirakawa, I., Takahashi, R. N., Knobel, E., & Musty, R. E. (1975). Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in man. Pharmacology, 13(6), 502–512.

LaVito. A., (2019). FDA Warns Against Lack of Research, Possible Risks of CBD. In CNBC.

Linares, I. M., Zuardi, A. W., Pereira, L. C., Queiroz, R. H., Mechoulam, R., Guimarães, F. S., & Crippa, J. A. (2019). Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), 41(1), 9–14.

Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Bianchessi, S., Costa, B., Macchi, P., & Parolaro, D. (2006). The non-psychoactive cannabidiol triggers caspase activation and oxidative stress in human glioma cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 63(17), 2057-2066.

McCoy, B., Wang, L., Zak, M., Al‐Mehmadi, S., Kabir, N., Alhadid, K., ... & Snead III, O. C. (2018). A prospective open‐label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 5(9), 1077-1088.

Mechoulam, R., & Parker, L. A. (2013). The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annual review of psychology, 64, 21-47.

Meissner, H., & Cascella, M. (2021). Cannabidiol (CBD). In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Sarro-Ramírez, A., Sánchez, D., Mijangos-Moreno, S., Tejeda-Padrón, A., Poot-Aké, A., Guzmán, K., Pacheco-Pantoja, E., & Arias-Carrión, O. (2014). Potential effects of cannabidiol as a wake-promoting agent. Current neuropharmacology, 12(3), 269–272.

Pasquale, B. (2020). High THC Oil in Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Re-port. Japanese Journal of Gstroenterology and Hepatology, 5(6), 1-3.

Piomelli, D., & Russo, E. B. (2016). The Cannabis sativa versus Cannabis indica debate: an interview with Ethan Russo, MD. Cannabis and cannabinoid research, 1(1), 44-46.

Schlienz, N. J., Lee, D. C., Stitzer, M. L., & Vandrey, R. (2018). The effect of high-dose dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance on cannabis self-administration. Drug and alcohol dependence, 187, 254-260.

Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. The Permanente journal, 23, 18–041.

Silote, G. P., Sartim, A., Sales, A., Eskelund, A., Guimarães, F. S., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. (2019). Emerging evidence for the antidepressant effect of cannabidiol and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 98, 104-116.

Thanabalasingam, S. J., Ranjith, B., Jackson, R., & Wijeratne, D. T. (2021). Cannabis and its derivatives for the use of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 14, 17562864211018561.

VanDolah, H. J., Bauer, B. A., & Mauck, K. F. (2019, September). Clinicians’ guide to cannabidiol and hemp oils. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 94, No. 9, pp. 1840-1851). Elsevier.

Watt, G., & Karl, T. (2017). In vivo evidence for therapeutic properties of cannabidiol (CBD) for Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 20.

Weydt, P., Hong, S., Witting, A., Möller, T., Stella, N., & Kliot, M. (2005). Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders: official publication of the World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases, 6(3), 182–184. 

Wong, H., & Cairns, B. E. (2019). Cannabidiol, cannabinol and their combinations act as peripheral analgesics in a rat model of myofascial pain. Archives of oral biology, 104, 33–39.

Zou, S., & Kumar, U. (2018). Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(3), 833.

Zurier, R. B., & Burstein, S. H. (2016). Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis. The FASEB Journal, 30(11), 3682-3689.